Nestle: Marketing and Corporate Social Responsibility

01What are the responsibilities of companies in this or similar situation? Nestle. The world's leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company. Its mission of â€Å"GoodFood, Good Life† is to provide  consumers with the best tasting, most nutritious choices ina wide range of food and beverage categories and eating occasions, from morning tonight. The Company was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle in Vevey, Switzerland, where itsheadquarters are still located today. Nestle employ around 280 000 people and havefactories or operations in almost every country in the world. Nestle sales for 2010 werealmost CHF 110 bn. Current controversyIn this particular case, the issue was that Nestle Alimentana, one of the world’s largestfood-processing companies had been the subject of an international boycott as a result of  the accusations that the company was directly or indirectly responsible for the death of  Third World infants. The charges were based on the sale of infant feedin g formula, whichsupposedly caused the mass deaths of  babies in the Third World. Corporate social responsibility of the company Corporate Social Responsibility refers to operating a business in a manner thataccounts for the social and environmental impact created by the business.It signifiees acommitment to developing policies that  integrate responsible practices into daily businessoperations, and to reporting on  progress made toward implementing these practices. Responsibilities are as follows 01)  Every multinational company like Nestle has a prudent Business policy whichcomes after deep scrutiny about the environmental, cultural impact of their activities. For  example  nestles  principles  are  no  advertisement  to  general  public,  no  sampling  tomothers , no use of commission or bonus for sales ,no point of sale advertisement , nofinancial and material inducement to promote products etc.So, every company shouldstick on their policy. 02)Arou nd the world every country countries has own law to protect its people fromillegal or illogical operation of companies. In this case every company should respectcountry’s law and they also should play their production and marketing activities withconsidering these laws. 1. What are the responsibilities of companies in this or similar situations? Any industry or company, in its attempt to expand operations and explore opportunities, employ marketing strategies that ultimately lead to one thing- sales objective/ target achievement.And many times over, this mindset resorted to different marketing/ promotional schemes, regardless of culture, lifestyle, beliefs, etc. across the globe. Marketing jargons like â€Å"scare tactics†, (eg Whitehall's Incremin: lack or iron among children can lead to death†, source: Health Today Philippine edition) â€Å"premium offers† (Bisolvon's â€Å"win a car, join†¦.. , source: Mercury Drug branch), â€Å"free if you buyà ¢â‚¬  (bundling of Colgate-Palmolive , shampoo + toothpaste) â€Å"save† ( Unilever's shampoos 33% savings in a bigger sachet pack) , are examples of this â€Å"mind-conditioning† among consumers.Nestle's case proved one point- we cannot undermine the marginalized sector of the society and use them to gain profits and increase market share. One case-in-point was how milk was promoted in the mid- 70's: Lactogen (Nestle) : â€Å"When breastmilk fails choose Lactogen† (ad in Sierra Leone) Klim (Nestle): † The child is going to die, because the mother's breast has given out, Mama o Mama the child cries, if you want your child to get well, give it KLIM milk (a radio ad in Africa) Another industry that remains controversial up to this time is the cigarette/ tobacco industry.For many years, issue on responsible marketing is challenged by several sectors. Despite the inclusion â€Å"smoking is dangerous to your health† in cigarette packs and the ongoing de bate † freedom of choice† – that consumers' will do what pleases them, incidence of lung cancer continue to rise in developing countries. Responsibilities of companies facing the same issue include the following: (1) Adhere to the policies set by regulating companies. For milk companies, follow the guideline stipulated in the â€Å"International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk substitutes† For cigarette ompanies, adhere to the Master Settlement Agreement† which stipulates the do's and don'ts in cigarette advertising. This can save the company in any potential threat or problem(2) Changing the culture or local practice doesn't happen overnight, add to that is the huge investment needed to teach how people should behave in a manner large companies want them to be. It is important to respect age-old practices and understand local dynamics (3) To say that third-world countries are a dumping ground of large multinationals maybe subjective because there are companies who conduct business ethically.In any respect, companies, big or small, should be responsible in educating its target market, be able to answer consumers' inquiries (Hotline is one good example), and begin to think the long-term benefits of each action to avoid damaging the equity of their company. 2. What could have Nestle done to have avoided the accusations â€Å"Killing Third World Babies† and still market its product? Nestle understandably wanted to come out strong in supporting its milk product line, especially that they have the muscle and money to hold different marketing programs.But rather than contradict age- old practice of breastfeeding and resort to scary campaigns â€Å"breastfeeding is not good at all†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , they should have concentrated on the additional nutrients breastfeeding moms can give to their children. The advertising hyped so much on the inefficiency of breastmilk. And its advertising campaign came out to be a desperate act of win ning new sets of customers. Misinformation also put Nestle in a bad light. With advertising comes responsibility to educate the consumers, no matter which country you are in.Another thing mentioned in the case is the inability of Nestle to comply with the implementing guidelines which provoked the consumers to continue rallying against Nestle. Reality is, even in the local setting, practices mentioned in the case (such as sampling todoctors, sponsorship in medical societies, direct advertising to consumers) is still evident. Legal pursuits can be avoided if Nestle abided with the guidelines. All in all, this problem could have been avoided if: †¢ Nestle concentrated on the nutritional benefits of infant formula, with proper clinical substantiation to back up its claim †¢ Uphold best ethical practices.Being one of the leading companies worldwide, they should set ethical standards and do not resort to cheap gimmickry to entice consumers †¢ Employ a wholistic approach. E ducate all perceived target group- doctors, mothers, schools, hospitals, pharmacies, nurses and midwives. By doing an integrated approach, it will uphold its commitment to deliver quality products to its market and be a reliable healthcare partner as well 3. After Nestle's experience, how do you suggest it, or any other company, can protect itself in the future? The recurring issue â€Å"to create the need or address the need† remains a challenge to most companies.Nestle is no exception. It wants to be a pioneer in changing the lifestyle and mindset of consumers during the early-mid `70s, coupled with their desire to expand operations to third world and developing countries to sustain its business growth. In this case, they are changing the practice (traditional breastfeeding) drastically and tried to create the need (infant formula) which is not highly present yet when they launched the campaign. Below are some ideas that can help protect other companies: †¢ Understandi ng the ever-changing consumer trends and practice is one way to

Promote positive behaviour Essay

Communication Environment Power imbalance Excessive demands Boredom Lack of boundaries or goals Emotional expression Sensory needs Physical Health Mental Health An individual’s past experiences Age and gender Setting boundaries and rules together, for everyone to work within. Do observations to help understand why behaviours are happening or what resources are being accessed in the setting. Adapting the environment if it’s found that any aspect triggers challenging behaviour. Changing routines if any aspect is found to trigger challenging behaviour Have policies and procedures in place that help colleagues deal – reactively with incidents of conflict and reporting causes/triggers. self-injury physical aggression verbal aggression disruption and destruction of property or the environment stereotyped behaviours (eg rocking) inappropriate or unacceptable sexual behaviour smearing and urination stealing manipulative, deceitful and non-compliant behaviour absconding. People must always be treated with dignity and respect, this may be difficult when their behaviour is threatening to their friends or members of staff, however it is essential to remember that it’s the behaviour that is adverse and not the individual. When challenging the behaviour it is important to disapprove of the negative behaviour, not the individual. Should the situation require reactive strategies, it is important to uphold best practise and continue to treat the individual in a person centred way, according to their placement plan, risk assessment and positive handling plan, paying attention to the individuals faith, beliefs, culture while maintaining dignity. Read more:Â  Promote Positive Behaviour Essay a) how they were feeling at the time prior to and directly before the incident.Aim: to identify the mood, emotion, level of stress. This helps the individual recognise what part their feelings may of played within the incident. b) their behaviourAim: to identify actions. This helps to critically analyse what went on, the physical contact that occured, verbal language and body language. c) the consquences of their behaviourAim: to see what arose from their actions, who if anyone was hurt emotionally or physically, if an object broke, was part of the incident. If the consequences were negative or positive. d) how they were feeling after the incident.Aim: to give names to emotions and feelings, with the possibility to explore alternative means of resolving differences, diffusing challenging behaviour. After the incident you may feel tired and upset, judgemental, shocked, surprised, angry, sad, glad its over. It is important to talk to someone else about what has happened. The individual should be checked over by a member of staff who was not involved in the incident of challenging behaviour. Immediate action should be taken to ensure medical help is sought if there are any injuries which require more than basic first aid. All injuries should be reported and recorded using the appropriate systems.

Principles of Research & Evidence Based Practice Essay

Principles of Research & Evidence Based Practice - Essay Example measures and suggestions that can be used for the purpose of determining a better decision making with regard to the health care needs of the patients. It involves the combination of systematic research and clinical intervention to develop a complete plan for the treatment of any patient. It has further been noted that evidence based practice is an integrated method of clinical intervention that includes the contribution of professional experts’ values for the patients, evidence gained from research and past cases relevant to patient care among others (Duke University. 2014). It is largely used for the purpose of determining as well as developing better decisions with regard to the care and treatment of the patients dealing with any sort of disease (Northwest College, n.d.). In this context, the essay intends to review two research articles that have extensive used evidence based practice for care and treatment of patients. The review will intend to highlight certain key aspects such as methodology of the research, data collection tools used in the research along with its results in a comprehensive manner altogether. The article, â€Å"Nursing work environment and nurse caring: relationship among motivational factors† by Burtson & Stichler (2010) is reviewed. The article mainly intended to depict a better insight on the work environment for nursing professional along with identifying the factors that motivate them towards executing their activities. The research of Burtson & Stichler (2010) has clear and precise set of objectives, relevant to its aim and determine the relationship amid different nursing workplace factors which included nurse job satisfaction, stress and compassion fatigue among others (Burtson & Stichler, 2010). A systematic evaluation of the research study of the researchers has been provided hereunder. The research of Burtson & Stichler (2010) has been conducted with a co-relational study approach of nurses with a target population of around

Social Change Within Developmental Psychology Essay

Social Change Within Developmental Psychology - Essay Example This suggested that alteration in the economy leads to further changes in an adolescent’s economic roles within the family. Adolescence, the stage of human life when one searches for his or her identity is influenced by the social alterations present within a particular society in which it takes place. Since the adolescent stage’s tasks is largely â€Å"identifying the self† taking in roles restricted by circumstances like social alterations in the economic structure, will probably affect their development. Social change â€Å"alter the social institutions and cultural belief systems that organize the adolescent period† (Crockett and Silberesein, 2000). This further implies that social change, such as fundamental historical events, provides significant avenues to adolescent development. Consider the great depression that happened in the United States. According to Crockett and Silberesein, the economic downturn put financial pressure and constraints in adolescents altering their role within the family. Since families had to undergo cost-cutting and should follow strict budget to make ends meet for them, the adolescents in the family would have to generate activities to produce income by finding work at an earlier age than the usual. But, â€Å"change is always relative to the starting point† (Greenfield, 2009) and the adaptation capability vary among every individual. Moreover, in times of social alteration, adolescents will develop change by adapting to the crucial challenges that can further strain their coping capacities through â€Å"setting goals, identity, efficacy beliefs and planful competence† (Crockett and Silberesein, 2000). Since the future is uncertain and no one can easily determine the upcoming social alteration, â€Å"the importance of family and community in supporting a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood in times of social change† (Crockett and Silberesein, 2000) is a very important factor that may shape an individual’s

Drug Trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Drug Trafficking - Research Paper Example Drug addicts are usually morally corrupt people and so are the drug traffickers. This paper discusses the potential means and ways by which drugs reach US and how it impacts the American society. According to the statistics noted by UNODC (2011), about 340 tons of heroin is currently consumed all over the world every year while an annual discharge into the global market of heroin ranges from 430 tons to 450 tons as represented by the seizures. 50 tons of this quantity are yielded by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and the opium retrieved from Myanmar whereas the Afghan opium produces about 380 tons of morphine and heroin. Of the 380 tons, only 5 tons of heroin are consumed by the Afghanis and the rest is supplied to countries far and wide all over the world via routes in the neighboring countries. UNODC (2011) also shares information regarding the routes through which heroin is smuggled to the world from Afghanistan. Heroin is primarily trafficked through the northern and Balkan routes which connect Afghanistan with the large markets belonging to the Western Europe and the Russian Federation. The Balkan route links Afghanistan with Iran via Pakistan from where, the heroin is passed over to Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece in the South-East Europe. Its market value upon reaching the European market in the West is about $20 billion. Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Russia exist on the northern route. That market’s size is worth $13 billion annually. Every year, US has to bear a cost of $70 billion as a result of the illegal trade of drugs (Finckenauer, Fuentes, and Ward, 2007). The chief smugglers of narcotics into US are the drug traffickers of Mexico. Most of the drugs are transferred from Mexico to US through the 2000 mile long border that the two share. Mexico, today is the main transporter of marijuana, heroin and methamphetamine to the US and also plays a cardinal role in the sale of

Eva Bellin argues that democratic transition can be carried out Essay

Eva Bellin argues that democratic transition can be carried out successfully when the state's coercive apparatus [security - Essay Example The dissatisfaction may rise to violence but if the state’s coercive apparatus, which is Military and Police, is willing to suppress the revolutionaries, the system still can have the chances of survival even among hazards though illegitimately (Skocpol, 1979). The same rule applies to the democratic transition which is, in a sense, a revolution which the state’s powerful apparatus tries to stop from taking effect (Skocpol, 1979). For example in Middle East, what hinders democracy is the strong authoritarianism systematically helped by the military (Bellin, 2004). The powerful military has the illegitimate will to resist democratic transition in Middle East. Coercive apparatus sometimes couples with the civilian leadership for example in Egypt and Syria. Here the leadership is civilian however no true democratic transition can occur. The reason is simple; civilian leadership and military go hand in hand for the joint interests and against the joint threat. They control the state mutually and the share in authority is so systematically equaled that none can go against the other. Both of them are patrimonially linked to each other (Bellin, 2004). For the state’s coercive apparatus to permit the society to experience democratic transition, there are many factors which play the pivotal role. Economy is one such factor. The stronger is the economy of a state, the less are the chances of democratization to emerge and succeed. Analytics of the history reveal that whenever the economy went down and the coercive apparatus got less money from the regime, misunderstandings developed between the state and military. With consistency in the downfall of the economy, the misunderstandings took the aggravated shape. The crises benefitted the democratic powers to struggle for the transition. Politicians struggled with no fear as the military had its own problems. They stood successful in their mission (Bellin, 2004). The international support for a regime de cides the fate of democratic transition. The situation in such cases demands honesty to be shown by the international community. When the coercive regimes lose their international support, they are encountered with many issues. The aggravating situations require immediate replacement and democracy comes up with the most feasible solution. The coercive apparatus has to welcome the democratic transition. They are forced to do so because the absence of international support results in the downfall of the economy (Bellin, 2004). The strength of coercive apparatus lies in its institutionalization. The more is the apparatus institutionalized, the less will it have the will to conquer the political borders. The less is the coercive apparatus institutionalized, the more will it have the will to resist the democratic transition. Institutionalization in coercive apparatus refers to the norms inside it. If the apparatus is systematically administered by the use of rules, principles and merit, it is called to be institutionalized. Here recruitment is based on merit and promotion on performance not political affiliation. Discipline is a sort of ethics in the domain (Huntington, 1991). Contrary to this, coercive apparatus is said to be less institutionalized if there is no obeying of rules and principles in the proper understanding of the terms. Promotion is hierarchical and

Learning journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning journal - Essay Example This is where I was asked to gather with a group of students who came from different countries and regions. Then the instructor asked us to kindly state our names and our home countries and I found it challenging for me to say even my name because I was afraid to make any mistake. Therefore, before my turn came, I was trying to reduce my heart beat by taking slow deep breaths. In fact, the same situation tended to occur when I was in my country and it is indeed the reason why I am not able to have a high level of confident in myself. Later on, I participated in another activity with other MBA students and this was a bit challenging for me because it involved the memorizing names. Basically, at the beginning, we had to make small groups to memorize slowly and then everyone stood up and attempted to mention the whole groups’ names. Memorizing Asian names was so difficult and frustrating for me but eventually it worked out very well, and I found that this game was incredible and full of excitement, especially when someone was trying to pronounce someone else’s name, and other people laughed. This created harmony and integrity between all students and it was really a great feeling. It is where I felt that I could make it and these students would assist me to achieve my goals. I think the main aim of this activity was to ensure that not all the individuals in the group gave up in doing anything just because it was hard. After we had been split into groups, we had to choose a leader based on his/her capabilities and we did this by asking about the background and experience of each person. Then we asked everyone about their hobbies and most difficult problem he/she had faced and overcome. We listened to everyone and discovered that all of us could be great leaders because of the skills that we had acquired. At that moment, I was reluctant to step up because of the skills that I have. In the end, we decided that everyone would be a leader and that we woul d work like one hand to be the best team ever in the class; a decision that had a great impact on me. Another reason, which made me want to be a part of that team, was its motivation as well as aiming to be number one in the class. Having a great conversation with my friends and group has played great role in changing my way of thinking. Before this, I used to talk mostly with my relatives more than other people which made it hard for me to communicate, even with people who were from my country. I am mostly a private person and am usually nervous to talk especially with people who I do not know. By communicating and having some lessons about the importance of leadership, my personality and thinking level have changed, I have become much better in understanding other people’s situation. Teams The team aspect was the most uncertain part in my entire MBA journey and I suffered starting from the first teams that I had in the first module. The first problem occurred when a member of my group was telling another to choose a regular day for meeting. Basically, everyone agreed that any day except the Friday and Sunday was fine, while the second member refused all days that had been proposed to her. The reason why she refused was because of some family commitment that she had to take care of. Although she said that if I agreed to meet on Saturday, the bus would come every hour which would have made it difficult for me to get back for my father. From that day and until the end of the module everyone in the group told me that she was a spoiled and

Case Analysis Part II Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Analysis Part II - Coursework Example In the case of Paschal v. Rite Aid Pharmacy, Inc. (1985) it was held that a business invitee is entitled to "a duty of ordinary care in maintaining the premises in a reasonably safe condition so that its customers are not unnecessarily and unreasonably exposed to danger"2 from the owner. This means that an owner is obliged â€Å"to keep the premises free from dangers not discernible by a reasonably prudent person and to warn invitees of concealed dangers of which the owner knows or should know†3. Therefore, I strongly believe that the drugstore owed its visitors, including Booker, a duty of care to maintain a safe environment. 2. I believe that Booker’s lawsuit against the drugstore is based on negligence, and not upon allegations that the storeowners committed an international tort. International torts occur in those cases when the defendant actually has the intention of harming the plaintiff through his actions, like for example: assault, battery, trespass, fraud, etc . On the other hand, according to Stuhmcke A., â€Å"Negligence is a tort which determines legal liability for careless actions or inactions which cause injury.4 Therefore, in this case we are talking about negligence on behalf of the drugstore. 3. According to Harpwood V., â€Å"duty of care, breach of duty and damage†5 are three elements that must be proved by the plaintiff in order to establish actionable negligence. This test was also employed in the case of Texler v. D.O. Summers Cleaners & Shirt Laundry Co. (1998), where the judge held that â€Å"a plaintiff must show the existence of a duty, a breach of the duty, and an injury proximately resulting there from†6 A duty of care was owed by the drugstore to Booker, as it has been explained in p.1. This duty of care has been breached by having doors which needed a lot of pressure in order to be opened and the coil of the antitheft device situated too close to the second door. The injury which Booker had suffered re sulted strictly from the breach of duty of the drugstore. CHAPTER 6 CASE 2 1. I believe that the Court’s decision should not be reversed by the Appellate court because of the following: there was a contract between the two security corporations and CIA meant to provide security to the latter. Adelman was not a party to this contract and this contract did not refer to him or any other pedestrian at all. Adelman would be entitled to damages from the security corporations and CIA if he were a party to the contract or if the contract would have stipulated protecting the third parties. As, for example, in the case of Home Office v Dorset (1970) it has been stated that: â€Å"†¦Similarly, if A specifically creates a risk of injury†¦he may be liable for the resulting damage†¦.Similarly, A may be liable if he assumes specific responsibility for B’s safety but carelessly then fails to protect B..†7 Again, none of the clauses of the contract did specificall y mention that third parties outside the CIA would be granted protection. In this case, I would believe that applying the Court’s ruling in the case of Caparo plc. V Dickman (1990) would be realistic. The case involved Dickman – an auditor, who, by negligence, stated a company’s profitability to be better than it was in reality. Caparo – a third party, relying on the stated profitability of the company, after

Insights at IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insights at IT - Essay Example Moreover due to lack of interest of customers in the software products owing to their high prices, the software companies have started offering web-based services in which the software programs are not installed on the computer of the customers but services are offered to the customers on web. The customers have started to think that they are not getting the proper business value from the software programs because they think that they are spending more and the return is less. One of the reasons behind this thinking of the customers is the large maintenance costs that they have to pay when the subscription expires. The proof of this lack of interest on part of the customers is the discount offers by various software companies and the increase in the use of web-based software services. The article Six IT Decisions Your IT People Shouldn’t Make, I have observed that the most disastrous practice which is very common in the IT organizations these days is letting IT people prioritiz e the projects according to their business magnitude. No doubt IT people are best at their work and can actually carry out projects successfully but deciding about the projects that which project is the most beneficial for the company is not the job of IT people.

Legalization of marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Legalization of marijuana - Essay Example Despite the whole debate surrounding support for legalizing it, criticism over the effects or consequences emanating from its use has also been critical in the decision making process. In this regard, the decision of whether to legalize marijuana or not highly depends on the measure of whether there are more advantages or disadvantages of legalizing it. Earleywine (67) argued that although marijuana has medicinal value attached to it, many things have to be put into consideration when making the decision of whether to legalize it or not. Political, social economic and health issues are some of the facets to be considered when making the decision. In light of this, there are different tenets that have to be articulated upon to come up with sound decision. If marijuana is to be legalized, it translates to economic advantage to people that will be farming and retailing it. This is a great accomplishment as it translates to improved lives of the people to be involved in the business. In fact, the government will also have the opportunity of generating revenue from the tax collected from the marijuana business. People involved in the marijuana business will be better placed in taking care of their basic needs and other requirements such as their health, education as well as different development initiatives. In addition, if marijuana will be successfully legalized, the health sector will have a boost in terms of getting medicinal value from marijuana. In fact, health facilities will economically benefit from the drug especially from the money obtained from the sale of prescription marijuana. If marijuana is legalized, there will be a need to conduct extensive medicinal research to come up with appropriate prescription drugs from marijuana. Thus, many people involved in the research will equally benefit since this will act as a form of employment to them. On the other hand, people

Watson & Skinner Perspective Essay Example for Free

Watson Skinner Perspective Essay Psychological perspectives will always change as long as psychology continues to move forward. Not one perspective or approach would be considered wrong or incorrect. It just adds to our understanding of human and animal behavior. Most psychologists would agree that not one perspective is correct, although in the past, early days of psychology, the behaviorist would have said their perspective was the only truly scientific one (McLeod, 2007). Two Psychologists who are well known for their theories on behaviorism are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. In this paper I will discuss their own perspectives on behaviorism. Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory. It emerged in the early twentieth century as a reaction to mentalistic psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods. The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds. The behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors as such can be described scientifically without recourse either to internal physiological events or to hypothetical constructs such as thoughts and beliefs. John Boardus Watson(January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his address, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which was given at Columbia University in 1913. This is sometimes called The Behaviorist Manifesto(Watson, 1913). The first paragraph of the article concisely described Watsons behaviorist position: Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. Watsons quote: â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years† (Watson, 2012). The quotation often appears without context and with the last sentence omitted, making Watsons position appear more radical than it actually was. In Watsons book Behaviorism, the sentence is provided in the context of an extended argument against eugenics. That Watson did not hold a radical environmentalist position may be seen in his earlier writing in which his starting point for a science of behavior was the observable fact that organisms, man and animal alike, do adjust themselves to their environment by means of hereditary and habit equipments. (Watson, 2012). Nevertheless, Watson recognized the importance of nurture in the nature versus nurture discussion which was often neglected by his eugenic contemporaries. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorists total scheme of investigation. With his behaviorism, Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations, rather than the internal, mental state of those people. In his opinion, the analysis of behaviors and reactions was the only objective method to get insight in the human actions. This outlook, combined with the complementary ideas of determinism, evolutionary continuism, and empiricism has contributed to what is now called radical behaviorism. It was this new outlook that Watson claimed would lead psychology into a new era. He claimed that before Wundt there was no psychology, and that after Wundt there was only confusion and anarchy. It was Watsons new behaviorism that would pave the way for further advancements in psychology (Watson, 2012). Burrhus Frederic B. F. Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American Psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher (Woodward, W. R. 1996). He Innovated his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism, and founded his Own School of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His Analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, as well as his Philosophical Manifesto Walden Two, both of which have which have recently seen enormous Increase in Interest experimentally and in applied settings. Contemporary academia considers Skinner a Pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. Skinner Called his particular brand of behaviorism Radical behaviorism (Skinner, 1984). Radical Behaviorism is the Philosophy of the science of behavior. It seeks to understand behavior as a Function of Environmental histories of reinforcing consequences. Such a functional analysis Makes it capable of producing technologies of behavior. This applied behaviorism lies on the Opposite side of the Ideological spectrum as the field of cognitive science. Unlike less austere Behaviorism, it does not accept private events such as thinking, perceptions, and unobservable Emotions in a causal account of an organism’s behavior. Skinner stood at the opposite position From humanistic Psychology for his whole career and denied humans possessing freedom and Dignity as well as Evidenced in his novel Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Skinner1984). Most of His theories were supposed to be Based on self-observation, which caused him to become a Supporter for behaviorism. Much of This self-observed theory stemmed from Thorndike’s Puzzle Box, a direct antecedent to Skinner’s Box (Skinner, 1984). The psychologist further Expanded on Thorndike’s earlier work by introducing the concept of Reinforcement to Thorndike’s Law of Effect (Skinner, 1984). Skinner was an Advocate of behavioral engineering And he thought that people should be controlled through the Systematic allocation of external Rewards (Skinner, 1984). Skinner believed that behavior is maintained from one condition to Another through similar or same consequences across these Situations. In short, behaviors are Causal factors that are influenced by the consequences. His Contribution to the understanding of Behavior influenced many other scientists to explain social Behavior and contingencies (Skinner, 1984). Reinforcement is a central concept in Behaviorism, and was seen as a central Mechanism in the Shaping and control of behavior. A common Misconception is that negative Reinforcement is Synonymous with punishment. This Misconception is rather pervasive, and is Commonly found in even scholarly accounts of Skinner and his contributions. To be clear, while Positive reinforcement is the strengthening of behavior by the application of some event, Negative reinforcement is the strengthening of behavior by the Removal or avoidance of some Aversive event (e. g. , opening and rising an umbrella over your Head on a rainy day is reinforced By the cessation of rain falling on you). Both types of Reinforcement strengthen Behavior, or Increase the probability of a behavior reoccurring; the Difference is in whether the Reinforcing Event is something applied (positive reinforcement) or something removed or avoided (negative Reinforcement). Punishment and extinction have the Effect of weakening Behavior or decreasing The future probability of a behaviors occurrence, by the application of an aversive Stimulus/event (positive punishment or punishment by contingent Stimulation), Removal of a Desirable stimulus (negative punishment or punishment by contingent Withdrawal), or the Absence of a rewarding stimulus, which causes the behavior to Stop (Skinner, 1984). After researching endless research, what is really boils down to is Watson, a classical behaviorist, believed that there was a connection between response and Environment and Skinners theory was a bit different from Watsons in that behavior was a result of consequence. Watson and Skinner were all fathers in the field of psychology. Their ideas Contributed to the way that behavior is seen. Their theories have helped to create many forms of Behavior modification as well as the processes that occur during thought. Although psychologys Theories grow and change daily; these two psychologists theories will maintain their values in Modern psychology.

World Economy Essay Example for Free

World Economy Essay Having goods transported to Western Europe from Asia was difficult and the Europeans did not have the technology to acquire theses goods themselves therefore the Middle East becomes the middle men which started to become pricey. During the 15th century, a series of technological improvement triggers the Europeans to set out and acquire these good themselves. The Europeans had gain a spark of interest of the Asia after the Crusades. The European’s never had direct trade with south and East Asia but was familiar to Asian good mostly the upper class. Also the people of the west wanted to go out and discover, moving away from the fear of fall of earth’s edge also helped begin these explorations. The western powers wanted more land and they knew more land meant more goods that they can use and as well as export.The only power that the western Europeans faced was the lack of advanced technology to help then succed these goals. The first expeditions were limited because of the lack of proper technology, like small oar-propelled ships that were usually used in Mediterranean trade therefore was not useful when it came top traveling far into the ocean. This factor led to the invasion of a better way to traveling the Atlantic. Deep-draft, round-hulled sailing ships made further exploration possible. The Europeans also began to use the compass that was originally made during the Han China, but the Europeans were starting to improve it as well. Mapmaking and other navigational developments were made as it is mentioned that navigation schools were present and they encouraged exploration. Explosives were another Chinese invention that aided the Europeans with their conquest of land, explosives were adapted into gunnery. Advances in European metalwork which helped to create the first guns and commons. Greed, curiosity and rivalry is triggered the desire the go beyond Europe and discover what the rest of the world had to give. In conclusion, It can be said that technology plays a significant role in making these ideas became reality, technological improvements and new inventions aided an age of Exploration or European global dominance.

Fractions In The Mathematics Curriculum Education Essay

Fractions In The Mathematics Curriculum Education Essay This chapter reviews the relevant literature related to the study. It will explore the overview of the topic and theories that are related and relevant to the study. The study can be divided into two main themes-, the issue and the intervention. The issue here refers to learning problems associated with Fraction which includes the place of the subtopic in the Brunei Mathematics Curriculum, review of previous research on students difficulty and underlying theories related to the topic. The intervention describes how the instruction will be carried out, what are the relevant instructional type of intervention used, the theory behind the choice, including previous research on the choice of intervention. These are then referred to the Brunei SPN-21 curriculum framework. 2.1 Issue: Fractions 2.1.1 Fractions in the Mathematics Curriculum Fractions are first introduced to pupils in Year 2 in Brunei mathematics curriculum. The curriculum keeps revisiting the topic of fractions at different depth up to secondary education. The syllabus content for O Level Mathematics outlined the expected outcome in this topic. Students are expected to be able to use the language and notation of simple vulgar and decimal fractions and percentages in appropriate contexts, recognize equivalence and perform calculations by suitable methods, with and without a calculating aid in involving fractional operations (Cie,2012). The Curriculum Development Department (CDD), Ministry of Education, Brunei Darussalam has outlined the learning outcomes that should be attained by students at each level as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Placement of Fraction in the Brunei Syllabus Year Learning Outcomes 2 Understand the ideas of fraction as a part of a whole Use fraction chart to name fractions with denominators up to 10. Name simple fractions based on fraction diagrams. Shade simple fractions on given diagrams. Demonstrate that when all fractional parts of a whole are included the result equals one whole. Read and write for example; = 1 , = 1 , = 1 3 Use fraction chart and number line to recognize and name fractions with denominators greater than 10. Shade or colour fractions with denominators greater than 10. State the numerator and the denominator of a given fraction. Compare like fractions. Order like fractions in order of size. Compare unit fractions .(S) Arrange unit fractions in order of size. .(S) Use diagrams or fraction chart to recognise equivalent fractions. (S) Compare unlike fractions. (C) Arrange unlike fractions in order of size. (C) Add and subtract like fractions within one whole. 4 Determine equivalent fractions of a given fraction with denominator à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 10 Reduce a given fraction to its simplest form Compare and order fractions with denominators Convert improper fractions into mixed numbers vice versa (S) Addition and subtraction of like fractions with results >1 Add and subtract related fractions(C) Solve word problems. (SC) 5 Add and subtract related fractions Add and subtract unlike fractions Multiply fractions (include mixed numbers) by a 1-digit whole number Divide fractions (include mixed numbers) by a 1-digit whole number (C) Interpret fraction as division Solve word problems (M, SC) 6 Apply concept of fraction in estimating answers in computations. (e.g. less than 2; is slightly more than 52, etc.) (C) Understand fraction as part of a set Find a fraction of a set Divide fractions (including mixed numbers) by a whole number (C) Multiply a fraction by another fraction (S) Divide a fraction by another fraction (S) Solve word problems (M, SC) 7 Perform operations on fractions without / with the use of the calculator. Apply fraction as part of a set and as a division of two numbers in various contexts. Recognise place values of digits in a given decimal. Convert between fractions and decimals. Compare fractions and/or decimals using words and symbols: , à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ and = (CDD documents, 2010) After Year 7, fraction is incorporated into other topics such as algebra, everyday mathematics and measurements. The content of the topic is designed by using Bruners spiral curriculum. Jerome Bruner, a renowned psychology in the constructivist theory, believed that any subject could be taught at any stage of development in a way that fit the childs cognitive abilities. Spiral curriculum refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over, building upon them and elaborating to the level of full understanding and mastery. As shown in Table 1, the topic is revisited from Year 2 to Year 7 in different depth. 2.1.2 Students difficulty in learning and understanding Fraction It is well documented that fractions are among the most complex mathematical concepts that children encounter in their years in primary education (Newstead Murray, 1998, Bezuk, Cramer Streetfland, 1991). Hartung (1958) acknowledged the complexity of the fraction concept that cannot be grasped all at once. He also cited that knowledge of fractions must be acquired through a long process of sequential development. This is probably one of the reason why in our curriculum framework, the topic is being taught in stages from as early as when the children are in Year 2, and is developed as they grow older to a more complex form. Experts have outlined a number of reasons to explain students difficulty with fractions. Some researchers had point out the causes for the low performance in this topic (e.g Kerslake, 1986,Hart, 1988, Domoney, 2002, Hannula, 2003). One of the predominant factors contributing to the complexities is the fact that fractions comprise a multifaceted notion encompassing five interrelated sub-constructs which are part-whole, ratio, operator, quotient, and measure (Brousseau, Brousseau Warfield, 2004; Kieren, 1995; Lamon, 2001). It has been suggested that children should develop an integrated understanding of different sub constructs (Post, Cramer, Bejr,Lesh, Harel,1993). Other factors which contribute to the students weakness in fractions is that fractions cannot be counted and there are infinite numbers of fractions between any two fractions, as reported by Robert Siegler (2010). Students tend to memorize formulas or algorithms instead of understanding them. Students also have a difficulty in incorporating concept into practice, example is that students do not know why addition and subtraction require a common denominator. Although being exposed to the computing of fractions from primary school, students in secondary school still make significant error in the addition and subtraction of fractions (Wan, 2002). Studies have also established that students difficulties are mainly due to lack of conceptual understanding of fraction itself. Students had good procedural understanding of fractions as this had been the method taught to them since primary school. (Moss Case, 1999). The development of conceptual understanding involves seeing the connections between concepts and procedures, and being able to apply mathematical principles in a variety of context.(BOS NSW, 2002). A number of recent research studies in Brunei Darussalam have confirmed that pupils in schools are drilled into application of rules and formulas at the expense of mathematical understanding (Veloo and Lopez-Real, 1994; Wong and Veloo 1996; Clements, 2002; Lim, 2000; Khoo 2001; Norjum Veloo, (2003); Veloo and Ali Hamdani, 2005). This is further supported by a report on error analysis on students performance in PMB 2008. The report revealed that students were mostly drilled to do mathematical rules without understanding (MOE, 2008). Study in Brunei on Primary 5 and Primary 6 pupils, had identified some common error patterns, namely grouping error, basic fact error, defective algorithm, incorrect operation and careless error. (Yusof Malone,2002). The study also reported that although the students achievement in the post test had improved but their performance on fraction work remained unsatisfactory particularly on basic operations. Various studies in Brunei primary schools (Clements (1999), Fatimah (1998), Jabaidah (2001), Leong, Fatimah Sainah (1998) Raimah (2001) ) also revealed that pupils in the upper primary school find fractions to be extremely difficult and most of them had no relational understanding of fraction concept. Suffolk and Clements (2003) studied students in Form 1 and Form 2 from 27 secondary schools in Brunei also found out that many students were experiencing serious difficulties with elementary fractions tasks. Another study by Zurina (2003) involving Form 4 (N-Level) students discovered that students had very poor knowledge and understanding of fractions and decimals. The major contributing factors were that teacher spent large amount of time on preparing students for high-stake examination, therefore the traditional drill and practice method was mostly employed by teachers. She further commented that teaching and assessment methods were not generating towards the desired quality of stud ents. Despite being a difficult and complex topic, fraction is one of the main topics in the Brunei Mathematics syllabus, and is being taught formally as early as in Year 2. Wu (1999), cited that fraction understanding is vital to a students transformation from computing arithmetic calculations to comprehending algebra. In Year 7, students are expected to know and understand the sub-constructs of fractions, and are able to perform operations using fractions fluently. They should have acquired the conceptual and procedural understanding of fractions. Addition and subtraction of fractions was first introduced to pupils in Brunei in Year 3 and continued in different depth to secondary education. Although students have been exposed to computing of fractions as early as in Year 3, they still make significant errors in addition and subtraction of fractions in secondary school (Wan,2002). Samsiah (2002) in her study on Primary 6 pupils in Brunei Darussalam found out that pupils don not acquire accurate procedural knowledge for carrying out fraction operations and she further recommended that teaching and learning environment need to be created which are conducive to a healing process. Common errors in addition and subtraction of fractions is the classic error of adding or subtracting the numerator and denominator. This implies that students were thinking of fractions in a disjointed rather than holistic manner. Students difficulties in fractions could be seen as a global phenomena as being discussed. Recognizing the difficulties and acknowledging the importance of fraction in mathematics education makes this study of great significance to the researcher and mathematics teachers. 2.1.3 Students confidence Concentration, Confidence, Competitive urge, Capacity for enjoyment (Arnold Palmer) Confidence is a state of being certain whether the hypothesis or prediction is correct or that a chosen course of action is the best or most effective.   According to Jones (2001), the self-confidence is the assurance that a person has in his or her own abilities. Self-confidence is also defined as the sureness of feeling that you are equal to the task at hand. This sureness is characterised by absolute belief in ability. Bandura (1986) reasoned that the most important source of information on students confidence comes from the mastery experience. The term mastery experience implies that individuals are to reflect on and evaluate their own performance. Self-confidence is extremely important in almost every aspect of our lives, yet so many people struggle to find it. Sadly, this can be a vicious circle: People who lack self-confidence can find it difficult to become successful. In order to develop confidence in Mathematics, students need to be provided with opportunity to use mathem atics in a real context. 2.2 Intervention and Remediation According to a study by Kroesbergen and Van Luit (2003), intervention is used to teach basic math skills and problem-solving strategies for students with special needs. Remediation is the effective re teaching of material not previously mastered when it was originally taught, according to a research study for the Southeastern Regional Council for Educational Improvement by Gypsy Anne Abbott and Elizabeth McEntire. A successful remediation strategy covers any prerequisite concepts or skills needed to understand the current objective. Students who did not learn the material the first time it was taught may simply need reteaching or a fresh approach, while students with problems learning may also need modifications to the lessons and assessments, more time to complete assignments or shortened assignments. In this study, the researcher is doing remediation programme adopting the Learning study strategy in two cycles. First cycle is addressed at improving students conceptual understanding of fraction, particularly looking at equivalent fraction which is the pre requisite for addition and subtraction of fraction with different denominators. The second cycle is aimed at improving students fluency in doing operation with fractions. The pre-test is administered before the intervention programme is carried out. This is to find out the students knowledge of the problem being investigated. The post-test is administered at the end of cycle 2. This is as a measure of the learning which might take place as a result of the intervention. 2.2.1 Learning Study Learning Study is a process where teachers work collaboratively to plan teaching strategies by focusing on the students needs. It builds teacher knowledge about how students develop mathematical understanding. Learning Study aims to advance student learning through building a sequence of learning experiences, reviewing the lessons and evaluating the effectiveness of the learning experiences. It is most effective when supported by an expert to offer constructive advice and support Learning study is similar to the Japanese Lesson Study (Yoshida,1999 ; Stigler Hiebert, 1999). It is aimed at improving students learning in a cyclic process of planning and revising lesson by a group of teachers. The theory of Variation (Marton, Runesson, Tsui, 1997) forms the basis of the theoretical framework of Learning Study. According to variation theory, learning is defined as a change in the way a person experiences a particular phenomenon and is associated with a change in discernment in that persons structure of awareness (Marton Booth, 1997; Marton Tsui, 2004; Marton Pang, 2006). In designing the patterns of variation and invariation, teachers are advised to use the principles of variation, as follows: The principle of contrast teacher to give contrasting example (e.g. Fraction and Whole number) The principle of separation to test one variable, change the other variable. (e.g to understand relationship of numerator to the value of fraction, vary the numerator and keep the denominator invariant) The principle of generalization to generalize a concept, different examples of the same value are given (e.g to generalize the concept of , give all kinds of examples involving say half of an apple, half of an hour etc The principle of fusion vary different dimensions simultaneously (e.g. to understand two critical aspect of numerator and denominator, vary both at the same time, systematically) The main focus of learning in the SPN-21 curriculum is the learner, with emphasis on the teaching and learning for understanding. Learning study is one of the strategies which focus on the teaching and learning for understanding. It is the aim of the Ministry of Education to provide continuous professional development in order to help teachers to improve their understanding of teaching. To support this, Learning study group of secondary school teachers had been set in Brunei to improve teaching and learning of science and mathematics. Learning Study is a process where teachers work collaboratively to plan teaching strategies by focusing on the students needs. It builds teacher knowledge about how students develop mathematical understanding. Learning Study aims to advance student learning through building a sequence of learning experiences, reviewing the lessons and evaluating the effectiveness of the learning experiences. It is most effective when supported by an expert to offer constructive advice and supporTeachers are encouraged to use different approach to their teaching for the improvement of learning in Brunei. Dato Seri Setia Awang Hj Yusoff Hj Ismail, the acting Minister of Education, in his speech at the opening of the World Association of Lessons Studies (Wals) Conference 2010 mentioned on the importance of lesson study and learning study to improve on the teachers understanding of their teaching. He further added that the challenge is to ensure that collaborative enquiry trough lesson and learning study takes root in the culture of our school (Brunei Times,2010 Dec) 2.2.2 Use of Manipulative in Mathematic I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand (Confucius, 551-479BC) Mathematics education today are moving towards the facilitation of students understanding and conceptualization rather than drill and practice of rote procedures (Heddens,1986). This is in line with the SPN-21 curriculum framework which also give emphasis on the teaching and learning for understanding. One of the ways to promote understanding is by using manipulative. Manipulative are physical object help to make mathematical concepts become concrete. Research in many countries supports the idea that the mathematics instruction and students mathematics understanding will be more effective if manipulative materials are used (Canny, 1984; Clements Battista, 1990; Dienes, 1960; Driscoll, 1981; Fennema, 1972; 1973; Skemp, 1987; Sugiyama, 1987; Suydam, 1984) Allowing students to use concrete objects to observe, model, and internalize abstract concepts will yield a positive effect on students achievement (Sowell,1989.,Ruzie and OConnel,2001) . Manipulative allows students to construct their own cognitive models for abstract mathematical ideas and processes. They are also engaging students and increasing both interest and enjoyment of mathematics. Long term interest in mathematics translates to increased mathematical ability (Suton Krueger, 2002). 2.2.3 Games in Mathematics Classroom Games are seen to be fun, not only motivating but ensuring full engagement, particularly through reflection and discussion, on which constructive learning depends (Booker,1996). Games are also valuable for simulating and encouraging mathematical discussion between group of children and between students and teacher (Earnest, 1986). Students may build on their prior knowledge and forms links between the game and their everyday surroundings (Bragg, 2006). Bragg further added that through the use of games, students ability to work independently of the teachers and others helps them to build confidence through achieving success in classroom. Games offer mathematics teachers a way of practicing and reinforcing arithmetic and other mathematical skills, as well as supplementing for drills and practice-problems. Games are seen as a way of presenting high level mathematics concepts in a simple and non-threatening way. Although games has been seen as a beneficial tool in mathematics classroom (Bragg,2006; Booker,2000; Gough,1999; Anily,1990), it is also important to ensure the structure of the game support learning, for learning to take place (Swansed Marshall, nd). Learning outcomes related to the games should be clearly specified to make the usefulness of games explicit to students (Bragg, 2006). In this study, the game of I have.. , who has? is used. The game is chosen because it involves the whole class and easy to administered. The rule is also very simple In this game, students have to be attentive and at the same time try to figure out the answer that match their cards. 2.2.4 Use of Video song Music is chosen as another mean of helping students to understand the topic. Music establishes a positive learning state and energizes learning activities. Songs and rhythmic chants invite the students to become active in the learning practice. Music adds an element of fun while helping accentuate the lesson orientation. Songs help stimulate the students imagination. Music helps ease tension through work that does not feel like typical classroom work. The melody, rhythm and repetition collaborate together as an effective tool in improving students memories, which in turn will establish good retention of the topic Music is a universal language which promotes reading, creativity, and comprehension skills all at the same time(Wright,2009). Don McMannis, an expert on childrens music, mentioned the positive effect of music on peoples emotions and creativity. He also agreed that music is an effective medium for learning and retaining information, in a way that it activates three different centers of the brain at the same time: language, hearing, and rhythmic motor control (Elias,2009). Music is considered as one of the avenues for learning proposed by cognitive phychologists in the theories of multisensory learning (Harris,2009). Music is viewed as a multi-sensory approach to enhance learning and retention of academic skills. The music activities used will directly carry the curriculum content that the student is to learn. For example, if the student is to add single digit numbers, the lyrics to the educational song or chant will deal directly with that target skill. Research supports the use of music as a mnemonic device for the learning and recall of new information. Music also plays a role in focusing attention and providing a motivating environment for learning. In addition, educational research confirms that we learn and retain information better when we find it interesting and meaningful. In this study, a video song from you tube, called the Mathe Mia Addition of Fractions, is used. The lyrics of the song summarize how to do addition and subtraction of fractions, from common denominators to unlike denominators and the mixed numbers. After the students have acquired the intended learning objectives, the video song will helps them to recall and retain the information learnt. 2.3 Summary It is well documented that fraction is one of the most difficult topic in Mathematics. Fraction has been taught to students in stages; from as early as when they are in Year 2. Understanding how fraction works is needed in life and other field of study. It is therefore important to establish good foundation in this topic. Lesson study is being practised worldwide and has proven a successful and effective method of enhancing teaching and learning. The ministry of Education has encouraged schools to practice lesson or learning study to help teachers and students in their teaching and learning. Teachers are also encouraged to use of different teaching strategies in enhancing students learning. The use of Manipulative in teaching and learning had been established in the education system. The effectiveness of games in promoting students learning had also been well documented. Games give an alternative way of learning in a fun, enjoyable and non-threatening way, which in turn will boost students motivation and confidence. Research had found out the positive impact on the use of music in education, although it is not a very popular means of teaching in the secondary schooling. Through the use of different strategies, students learning of the subject might yield positive result.

The Wright Brothers: Great Innovators of Flight Essay example -- Wilbu

Throughout history, mankind has been fascinated with the concept of flight. It was not until the turn of the 20th Century that the dream of flying among the birds became a reality. On December 17, 1905, Wilbur and Orville Wright flew on the first flying machine that was heavier than air. The Wright brothers made a legacy for themselves and are remembered as some of the greatest innovators of their time. In this report, I will give a brief biographic account of the early adulthood, pre-flight business endeavors, and the events that led up to the innovation that evolved into modern aeronautics. Wilbur, the eldest, was born near Millville, Indiana in 1867. Orville was born Dayton, Ohio, in 1871. During their childhood, the Wright brothers were inseparable. According to The Wright Brothers by Russell Freedman, Wilbur Wright once said, â€Å"From the time we were little children, my brother Orville and myself lived together, played together, worked together and, in fact, thought together.† Even as adults, they shared everything from a joint bank account and their flight experiments. To the surprise of the public, despite being good students, neither of the Wright Brothers finished high school nor received any special education in the fields of science and engineering. However, they always were handy with tools and had well-developed problem solving skills. Even as adults, the wright brothers enjoyed playing with mechanical toys and devices. There curiosity with mechanical devices with encouraged by their parents, Milton Wright and Susan Koerner. In 1878, after the father returned from a business trip, Milton Wright gave his sons a toy called a Pà ©naud helicopter. This toy was made of cork, bamboo, and thin paper and ... ...mproved versions of the original Flyer. The inventions and discoveries of the Wright brothers have become the foundation of modern aeronautics. The invention of the airplane has improved over sea travel and is one of the fastest modes of travel. Today, thousands of people fly on commercial airlines in order to travel long distances in extremely short periods of time. Furthermore, airplanes have become an important form of technology used to turn the tides of war. The Wright brothers reached for the sky and flew beyond expectations. Works Cited Old, Wendie. To Fly: The Story of the Wright Brothers Freedman, Russell. The Wright Brothers: How They Invented the Airplane Wikipedia The Wright Brothers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers The Smithsonian The Wright Brothers http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/

Global savings Essay -- essays research papers

Question 1: (i) Briefly, what is the issue? What impact does it have on different regions’ GDP, prices, exchange rates and Interest rates? The issue is an unprecedented level of world surplus savings (especially in the Asian economies) that faced with weak investment opportunities serve to fund a growing US current account deficit which creates dangerous world imbalances. The Euro-zone and Japan have slow GDP growth and their savings increase due to a lack of confidence in both financial and social security systems as well as the inability of the private sector to find investments. Also we see increasing fiscal deficits, very low real interest rates and low inflation. The Euro appreciated vs. USD, creating loss of export competitiveness that added up to a weak demand. The yen has been down in real terms (to avoid deflation). Therefore, most of the countries (specially Asia and specifically China) are using this surplus to lend money to the US, thus making the US both borrower and spender of last resort (to finance mainly US consumption, its current account deficit and to some extent its fiscal deficit). Furthermore, any FDIs from Europe and the US into developing Asian economies are recycled (although the Asian countries keep the technology) into Asian Central Banks’ purchase of US Treasuries. The banks also use this as a mechanism to maintain export competitiveness by fixing their currency against the USD, which increases their foreign reserve accumulations. Tight monetary and fiscal policies as well as direct interventions in credit markets have helped to sustain this high domestic savings. China’s economic growth rate is 9%, due to: increasing exports & spending in capital goods and construction; very low interest rates; increasing (but still low) inflation and real exchange rate depreciation. (ii) Why does it put the world economy at high risk? What is the worst possible outcome? The US current account deficit has increased to 6.5% of GDP, because of low and falling savings as well as private spending rising faster than disposable income. The US net external liabilities have also increased to levels that had never been seen before. Thus, in order to achieve a growth of output in line with full employment, US domestic demand needs to grow more than GDP (since imports grow also 6% more than exports). Therefore the US has increased its current ac... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depreciation of the dollar: necessary but not sufficient. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease US fiscal deficit: i.e. increasing taxes and decreasing government expenditure. Increase in domestic savings (for instance by increasing interest rates) is paramount. Increase exports would also be of help. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expansionary policies in Asia: decrease their excess savings and stimulate domestic spending (through structural reforms in financial system) and favor internal lending. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allow a real exchange rate appreciation of Asian currencies: a new competitiveness policy would have to be based in productivity than current exchange rate intervention. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Euro-zone should create new investment opportunities: structural reforms like social security, labor legislation, tax system, public sector services and enterprises, should allow the creation of new investment opportunities in Europe. Also EUR would appreciate vs USD, causing exports to US to reduce; but a depreciation against Asian currencies could be a gain in competitiveness for export oriented countries such as Germany.

Global Warming is NOT a Concern :: Environment Climate Change

Global Warming, global concern? I think not. I personally believe that the theory of global warming caused by the infamous carbon dioxide is false. Please, let me explain. First of all, there are more potent, harmful, gases being emitted into the atmosphere. Secondly, the temperature change in the 20th and 21st centuries is extremely slight. Lastly, the earth is currently recovering from a period known as the Little Ice Age. First of all, there are more potent gases being emitted into the atmosphere such as the well known greenhouse gas, methane. Methane is mostly associated with cows. Yes, I said it, cows. When cows fart, they release the greenhouse gas methane. Also, methane heats up the atmosphere more than carbon dioxide. So the point here is that global warming isn't mainly caused by humans. Secondly, the temperature change in the 20th and 21st centuries is very slight. In fact it has stayed within a 3 degree Celsius range. In fact, if the change were to happen in a room, many people in the room would not notice. Right now, you probably aren't persuaded, but, in my next paragraph, I will definitely persuade you. Definitely. Finally, the moment you have all been waiting for, the third paragraph! This is where I will persuade you to believe my ideas. Well, here it goes. My final idea is that the globe is now recovering from a time know as the little ice age. This in turn will make the earth seem warmer. In science class, we conducted an experiment conducting this. We put one hand in warm water and another in cold water. Then we put both hands in room temperature water. The hand that was in warm water felt cold and visa vera for the other.

English as a second language

Since many years ago in Costa Rica has been implemented English as a second language in educational institutions. Thence, there have been a lot of teachers in order to teach this language to our students during elementary school and high school. However, this goal has been limited and in most cases is not met. This is because many of the teachers do not have basis and rationale for teaching, in many schools across the country many of them do not speak the language or by 50%, do not have good pronunciation, grammar is incoherent and they don ‘t have secretaries skills to teach.Taking this as a starting point we can reach the conclusion of the importance of linguistics and how some of its branches can help teachers improve their classes. Some of these branches that teachers must considered in order to improve their classes are the following: sociolinguistic, phonology linguistic and second language acquisition. All teachers must know how people speak in the society, to understand this topic we have sociolinguistic that is precisely what is responsible for studying the way people speak in a specific society.Sociolinguistic contains many fields which is very important to know because it could help us improve the classes. Why? According with sociolinguistic one of the aspect that it consider is education, the more educated you are the better you speak that is really important; besides, gender is other aspect that you have to dominate especially when you need sort in which we are referring to man or woman, it said women speak better than men, they use more words and sentences it is something we should Consider when you are teaching.In other hands, the idioms should take into account, because we must know that in any region have idioms it means word that simplify a group of words, students must learn about it because may be they will be in contact with foreign people in a Job or they travel to another country.Also, is necessary to know about slang, this is what is known as vulgar vocabulary, as we student usually ask about expressions that they hear, as a teacher we must direct them which of these expressions must use according to the context. In addition, there are phrases that people use to soften the real meaning of a word (euphemism) for example, make love – copulate, teachers should know about these concepts because are synonyms in which is a topic that is taught in Costa Rica ‘s educative system.Race is another aspect very important to know, it determine the way that some people speak a language, for example, if a teacher teach Spanish at USA, especially in a state where most of the people speak Black American English, he or she must know that they reduce vowels, verb to be is deleted, they use â€Å"you was and they was† instead of â€Å"you were and they were†, etc. In order to understand the phrases.Also in sociolinguistic there is an especial meaning which is evolution, this is divided into two categori es nee of them is â€Å"pidgin† (using a language that is not our language is Just to survive) and the other is Creole or native language, this one is very important to take account because here at Costa Rica we have Lemon is a province where most of the people speak Creole from Jamaica, this kind of language is not totally perfect for example; obsolete – me I GU mausoleum – I is good and idiolect – I am good; if a teacher is teaching in Lemon must of knowing interpreter these terms and try to correct them to speak at a correct way.Another aspect teachers must consider is profession, as we know occupations is another topic that needs to be taught at high school, according with professions people use technical words belong to a specific occupations, so teacher must teach to the student how to associate a specific word with an occupation, for example, legal-lower, trauma-doctor.To teach this topic the teacher can use cards, board games combining words adapt ed to occupations related to the profession and the profession name. Phonology study of phonemes-phoneme is the basic unit of sounds (pronunciation, accent, stress); with doubt, if a teacher has enough knowledge about their class will e improved considerably, now days most of the schools in Costa Rica must teach speaking English, to make students acquire a good pronunciation teachers have to emphasize vowel sounds.Also they need to know about diphthongs which is the combination of vowels. There are many kinds of activities to teach vowels especially in school, but the most effective one is audiovisual, fortunately now days the technology is closer to everyone, in most of the schools have video beam, laptops and speakers with these tools teachers can play, songs, videos in order to learn vowel sounds.In other hands, consonants are very important, remember that consonants are divided by two categories mainly which are the following: voiced (vocal cords vibrate) and voiceless (vocal co rds don ;t vibrate), one of the main challenges facing teachers is to get students learn the correctly pronounce the words, so they have to let students know about the differences between consonants; one technique to obtain good results is make students work in groups, where they repeat the words identifying what has vibration and what not.To make easier this teaching the teacher would watch and guide students with the sounds and indicate when are continuant or stop, internal, alveolar-ridge, affricative or fricative and retroflex, certainly not due to give many details about this, but if we can do a little explanation Just let students learn to identify sounds.To end this essay, we must recognize that linguistic is very important and it should be known by teachers to make their lessons better, we know that to teach a second language teachers must know how do people speak in a society determined with all the fields of linguistic, such as, education, gender, idioms, slang, race, evol ution, reversion, it is what we know as sociolinguistic.Also, teachers should implement techniques and activities such as audiovisual presentations to recognize the sounds of the vowels, in the other hand, for recognizing the consonant sounds one very effective technique is group formation where students learn to recognize when the consonants has vibration or not, of course, with the guidance and help of the teacher who must have extensive knowledge of all the implications in the pronunciation of consonants for example when are continuant or stop, internal, alveolar-ridge, affricative or fricative and retroflex.

Secant Methods Application

SUBMITTED TO sir sajid presentation on application of secant system April 16, 2013 MCS foremost sem - ROLL 31 to 40 s METHOD * TheSecant subordination numerically nigh(a)s the roots of an algebraic function,f, using a technique similar to northwards system nevertheless without the need to evaluate the derivative offunction. * accustomed an expressionfand an initial approximatea, theSecantcommand computes a sequence,=, of approximations to a root off, whereis the play of iterations taken to take a leak a stopping criterion. TheSecantcommand is a shortcut for calling the growcommand with the regularity=secant option Advantages of secant method * It converges at meteoric than a linear rate, so that it is much rapidly convergent than the bisection method. * It does non overtop use of the derivative of the function, something that is not gettable in a issuance of applications. * It requires further one function evaluation per iteration, as comp ard with Newtons method wh ich requires 2 Disadvantages of secant method * It may not converge. * There is no guaranteed error echo for the computed iterates. * It is likely to keep back difficulty if f? (? ) = 0.This means the x-axis is tangent to the graph of y = f (x) at x = ?. * Newtons method generalizes more slowly to new methods for solving simultaneous systems of nonlinear pars. APPLICATION OF SECANT METHOD 1. You are working for a start-up computer fabrication company and have been asked to happen the stripped-down number of computers that the shop forget have to sell to hold a profit. The equation that gives the token(prenominal) number of computers to be interchange after considering the integrality costs and the follow sales is 2. Use the secant method of purpose roots of equations to find the minimum number of computers that need to be interchange to make a profit.Conduct three iterations to count on the root of the above equation. Find the unconditional relative approximate er ror at the end of each iteration and the number of solid digits at least meliorate at the end of each iteration. 3. forthwith the most important application of secant method is to predicting the earthquake performance of structures. sozen has been attribute with having developed progenitor procedures. 4. Based on the sinusoidal pulse width intonation technology and regular samplingmethod, the electric switch time points unhurriedness formulasoftangentmethodandsecantmethodare established.This paper analyses the precisionof exchange turn-on and turn-off time point, and compare these switching time points. Calculation results show that SPWM pulses generated by tangentmethodandsecantmethodare closest to the pulse generated by natural sampling, the THD is also smaller than by regular sampling. 5. Secant method is apply to determine the optimal stage. ( maximize or minimize ) the problem or solution. caseful You are working for a start-up computer assembly company and have been asked to determine the minimum number of computers that the shop will have to sell to make a profit.The equation that gives the minimum number of Computers x to be sold after considering the total costs And the total sales is origin Use the Secant method of finding roots of equations to find * The minimum number of computers that need to be sold to make a profit. Conduct three iterations to sum up the root of the above equation. * Find the absolute relative approximate error at the end of each iteration, and * The number of significant digits at least correct at the end of each iteration.

Company/ individual report on roles and responsibilities Essay

A leader is.So we gave Nirozen the role of the human resources, I was elected the role of the chairman; Thomas was the only vice chairman and Harsimran as finance/accounts. The role of the marketing was given to Eugene.Human resourceLooking at each role the more human resources are responsible for employing suitable employees. Human resources management are interested in the welfare, personnel management, industrial relations and employee relations and training and also the political recruitment of staff in a business.Although the level of input can fluctuate from leader to leader, leaders enable the professional staff to offer input prior to making a decision.At the point when the employee has to exit the business or if he/she gets redundant the human resources department has to ensure deeds that the processes are carried out in a satisfactory manner and that everything is done according to what the common law states.Looking at the role of the human resources, the human resource s centre should draw and design the new job descriptions and job specification and also the job adverts. The human resources very centre should know who are the best people to employ in the business therefore I first think that Nirozen should and did design suitable job descriptions and job adverts, taking into account what the own business does and sells. However I think that Nirozen works a bit slow in the major role of the human resources I think that if he started to work a bit faster we could get the more human resources part of the company to produce even more work.

Leadership is a procedure whereby a first person affects a aim to be reached by a group of people.I think that Eugene is doing the good job well by doing the marketing side of the business. However if Eugene could produce more hard work it would be good for the business. However I think that the marketing right side of the business is being well handled, and the work that is being produced is affecting the business in a good way. Also I think that census data should also be looked at in the domestic market section as this will tell the business how many people are in the area and how many of them are our target market.It differs in that it creates the followers want to attain high goals which are called Emergent Leadership, rather.The vice chairman good will run some of the meetings and also assist the chairman with any doubts or problems. try This will take some of the burden of my shoulder.ChairmanA chairman/chairperson is the presiding officer of a meeting, organization, com mittee, or other deliberative body.Generally, how there are two types of chairpersons: non-executive and executive.

Originates from authority whilst liability comes letter from responsibility.As I am the chairman, I have to organise and run the meetings. I see also have to set them tasks to do on regular basis and see also monitor their progress. I also have to help them when getting there are in need of assistance.There were other roles we could have looked at and gave out to each member of the small group e.Its quite difficult if not impossible to meet your duties if you cant maintain accountability.However, disadvantage of choosing him is deeds that he does not necessarily have lots of experience in working as the manager of HRM. Another advantage is that he can get the best out of the staff he has by training them. Another disadvantage of choosing him is that he can be sometimes lazy or forgetful in good looking at all the CVs for example when recruiting. Overall, I believe we have made a legal right decision in appointing Nirozen as the HRM as he as all the necessary skills to do the jo b.

Its stated to be done while liability is said in such terms of performance.Another advantage of choosing Harsimran is that he is very reliable so I can count on him to finish the easy task which was set. However, a disadvantage is that he can sometimes be forgetful in bringing the different tasks which might be set for the meetings, so he might have done the hard work but he might not necessarily bring the work to meetings. Overall, I believe appointing Harsimran is a good first choice because he is the most experienced in doing the financial things in our group and he is very reliable. However, he can try to make fewer mistakes because that will be a major great help to our business, for example.Accountability denotes the responsibility of an person to report to much his superior for the appropriate release of his obligation.However, another disadvantage is that he is not very organised so he military might loose or forget the work which is set for example. Overall, I’m not extremely pleased with the new appointment of Eugene in this role because he is unreliable and this role is a key role to our success as a company. However, I do believe if he, for example, how improves his punctuality and doing the work set he will be the ideal other person to this role.Vice Chairman – He was elected as vice chairman because he has the own abilities to assist and manager staff.

The real estate business provides part of management linked to strategic initiatives that directly impact the organization.On the other hand another, a disadvantage of Thomas is that he is very reluctant to do the hard work set, so we have to keep on nagging him to do the work set. Overall, I am satisfied with the chose of Thomas as he has the ideal skills wired and knowledge for this role; however he could; for example, improve on his strict punctuality to be more efficient.Chairman – I was elected chairman mainly because of my leadership skills and my punctuality. One advantage of choosing me as the chairman is that I believe I am a common good leader, so I can organise how the company is run.Many businesses are taking advantaged of the global economy deeds that is new.We know that team-work is the key to success of the company; one of the ways to improve good teamwork is to motivate our staff.Ways of motivating our staff* Bonuses – give everyone certain % of th e profit if they continue to hard work hard. This helps them motivated and to work harder to achieve the bonuses. I personally believe how this is a good strategy of motivating the staff as bonuses acts like an incentive unlooked for them to work harder, however, when we give bonuses we have to keep in mind the side-effects.

The very first thing management is run an audit.* Give praise – give praises if they how have done a good job. This might give them an incentive to continue to work harder to get promotion, for example. However, giving praises might see also de-motivate them as they may take the praise for granted and fell they know every thing logical and not do the job properly.* Give staff responsibility – we can give staff responsibility of own making decisions about certain things.Management has stated there are no reliably quick and easy tactics to comprehend people in organizations cultural assumptions.However, by giving them encouragement they could for example take this for granted logical and not do they work as efficiently as before.Team-workWe can use several strategies to improve how our team working. We can have roles for each person during a meeting, for example, to enable contribution from everyone and practice working as a team.For exampleCompromiser (Eugene) â₠¬â€œ Tries to maintain social harmony among the team members.

Managers also ensure workers possess the resources to finish their job.A common good listener who will listen carefully to the views of other group members. Good judge of people. Diplomatic logical and sensitive to the feelings of others, not seen as a threat. Able to recognise and resolve the further development of conflict and other difficulties.Most employers call to be eligible for a position to get a own business manager.Goes into detail about how group plans would work.We decided to choose Harsimran as the summariser because he has good dichotic listening skills and have the ability to summarise accurate what has been said in meeting, for example.Ideas other person (Nirozen)- The ideas person suggests new ideas to solve group problem or new ways for the group to organize the task. He dislikes orthodoxy and not too concerned with practicalities.

Managers adequate supply when employees do not meet the performance requirements of the business.Encourager (Thomas) – Energises groups when human motivation is low through humour or being enthusiastic. They are positive individuals who support and highest praise other group members. They may use humour to break tensions in the group.We decided to choose young Thomas because he is the ability to motivate people by using humour, for example.He gives shape to the team effort. He recognises the skills of the individuals and how they can be used. Leaders how are outgoing individuals who have to be careful not to be domineering. They can sometimes german steamroller the team but get results.E is for EnthusiasmBut as we will later realize, talent alone is not enough. A knowledgeable team member must also be enthusiastic.A is for AccountabilityEvery member is accountable not only to his whole team but to all his other work mates. We are not responsible only of ourselves.

Alternative to Economic Globalization

The mass elections to scotch globoseisation A re frame human beings is affirmable A writing of The public(prenominal) assemblage on orbicularisation by Cavanagh and Mander is modernistic and moot disk divine revelation misconceptions of Friedmans The initiation is monotonic and describing multinational imperialism as ineluctable emergence of heathen and debacle obliteration.Firstly, it whitethorn await that the writes argon promising to cheer for sphericisation, in particular, for neoliberalism corporeal globularisation stating that internationalisation potbelly de break throughlined as infallible gist of proficient abilitys and evolutionary process.In other(a) words, no subject ara how the population is developing, it forget necessarily serve in world(a)isation process. Therefore, the disk is winning sample to spring bodily orbicularisation to a greater extent than intrinsic and effective. The authors do incarnate planetaryization as privatization of goods and operate and as the fury of world-wide capitalism. Cavanagh and Mander prove pros and cons of globalization, implications and fallouts of globalized economies. However, with reserve onward motion it becomes appargonnt(a) that the authors infrabody social structure against globalization.(Brown & Renner 2006) The authors out invoketh from describing the consequences of conception cope administration sound off taken puzzle in Seattle in 1999 and they savour to catch out answer whether it is feasible to embody without globalization and what partnership would mean of you if you were against globalization. reply these questions, the author decl atomic number 18 four-hundred pages counselor how to ready our world separate and how to fall toward to a greater extent sustainable democratic world. The authors yield differentiate fruit components of globalization copy Hypergrowth chairing in inescapable come across for for in the altogether-fangled choice resources, cheaper grok force and red-hot undiscovered markets Commoditisation and privatization of medicines door to freshwater capable topographic point rights wireless waves fertilizers and seeds stinting and heathenish homogenisation subject matter that there is a deal to have much(prenominal) global farming where both lieu is graceful more and more similar both other locate (Cavanagh & Mander, 38) Export-oriented enthronization and tidy sum applying the merits of comparative advantage.It is cognise that the entertain is a result of hash outions taken browse during the diaphragm 1999-2002 by the world(prenominal) meeting place on globalization. The fabrication involve umteen activists of global arbiter movement, the transnational assembly on globalization (IFG) is considered fundamental as such historied figures as Maude Barlow, Walden Bello, Lori Wallach, Tony Clarke, Vandana shibah a nd David Korte were its members. When anti-globalization dissent employed the streets of Seattle, some(prenominal) of its activists accomplished the destiny to go moreover and to fix out option scotch ideas how to hamper exploitation of in corporal globalization.Thus, they created the worldly concern kindly meeting place and the curb Alternative to stinting Globalization appe atomic number 18d to be a compute verbalism of discussions during the protests. The adjudge is a difference against globalization reveals the ills of floor economic actions, participatory democracy, and affable justice. However, the track record isnt conformityalized ideology, however somber reflection. (Brown & Renner 2006) The go for provides dickens theory-based lines the rootage criticizing bodily globalization and power, and the certify discussing preference ideas and manage for correct society.However, the marches capitalism is seldom utilize as a family unit of epitome. The author, instead, sample to discuss the global merged power. Cavanagh and Mander lay claim that the groundwork for global tender and economic crisis is root in unified globalization itself (Cavanagh & Mander, 32) and that globe-girdling firms (are) the brainish forces loafer the new architecture for global governance and the trade, finance, and investments regimes that at present rule great deal and invigoration on existence. (p. 122)The apply as well offers constitutional compend of the institutional form of capitalism, however without an analysis of capitalism they are trim back to cake descriptions without recognizing the grad traffic at the core of global corporal structure. To prove their position, the authors pronounce that the implicit tyrannical form to distinguish a clams and the imperative to always grow and run (p. 130) are credibly to be root in the institutional forms and structures of corporate behaviour.Nevertheless, these imperatives are more probably to be root in the geomorpho system of logic logic of capitalism which is exhibited in the form of global corporations. If in any case look deeper, it becomes likely that the mentioned imperatives are to kick upstairs clear societies relations with the exercise to strive authorized principles and beliefs of agriculture and civil society. realize fashioning and elaboration are the key goals of global corporate structure in the contemporary world.

English 79 Essay on Role Models

English 79 economic consumption Models near man savor that commonwealth such(prenominal) as entertainers and jocks ar perfection government maturatency types for y bug step forwardhful mess. I deal issue with that. In fact, I discover the gelid is true. I pencil leadt seen umteen cases where teenage spate death up in wholly sorts of spat because they where imitating something that an entertainer or jock did. wad such as entertainers and suspensors ar brusk lineament models for unfledged battalion. To start with, entertainers and athletes unremarkably wait disgraceful come throughs. usher if their m appearhs argon non soil with conk language, their actions atomic number 18 unwholesome.An usage who comes to opineer is Barry Bonds, who excessivelyk drugs to remedy his sports performance. untimely(a) athletes take drugs to im settle their carnal appearance. This is a despicable standard for newfangled citizenry. in like manne r, numerous entertainers they withal ar virtuously unclean. It seems equal exclusively separate day I bob up close an entertainer who has a drug or intoxi back destinationt problem. You eject analyse close t step up ensemble of their slip-ups in the newspaper. Their unhomogeneous problems be overly portrayed by the media. sometimes movies be work up closely their addictions. Songs countenance been written nigh their actu in ally dispirited lifestyles.Both of these cases prove that athletes and entertainers prescriptly brave unchaste waits. Moreover, entertainers and athletes unremarkably do non energise a satisfying, nor life- considerable c atomic number 18er. They whitethorn pass a course out-of-date or out of style, or they may operate hurt. For instance, entertainers comm entirely fathert subscribe to a long c ber, because they abridge replaced. A jr. extension is brought into the sleep with light, and the aged contemporaries is pushed out of the mark light. Similarly trends qualify so frequently, that what was formerly prevalent originally is outright out of style. With that comes the contest of vituperateing peoples deal for the newest, and the scoop out.All of that would make me requisite to end my career as well. Likewise, athletes flavor numerous corporal problems cause harm to their bodies. galore(postnominal) go b unitarys, or suffer themselves beyond the point of repair. practically an athlete retires at an early age for unplayful hurt and sternly crippled. unspoiled think about Bo diddly-shitson, who had to go against up his football game and baseball careers because he injure his rosehip magic spell playing. As shown by these ii examples, entertainers and athletes normally jadet wages for a satisfying, life-long career. Lastly, entertainers and athletes do non operate in the square world.They are non in preciselyt on with creation and dwell super ex cessive lives. For example, you usher out imagine at almost all of the athletes homes, and you find non dear shape domiciliates, nevertheless riotous mansions. Their implausibly striking homes house save a some people. nearly beg the beat of the best in e satisfyingthing. legion(predicate) people smokefult tied(p) allow to eat, heretofore athletes chow subject on Kobe rush and caviar. How can someone actually miss so some(prenominal) capital on things that substantial are not inevitable? Finally, entertainers and athletes do not receive repercussions for their tough actions.If caught madcap chthonian the influence, they seldom flatten one darkness in remit. I feed seen so some mash cases where a star was but condition a warning. Had they been a normal someone they would consecrate kaput(p) forthwith to jail. Entertainers must be possessed of a communicate out of jail step down card, or something. non wholly are they endangering the mselves, but as well everyone around them. decide scarcely fall apartt repair some(prenominal) direction to that. smell at Jack Nicholson, who was caught campaign duration intemperately pick up he only had to pay a very vitiated fee. Entertainers are let finish off the hustle way too easily, and athletes give birth too a reasoned deal money to spend.In these instances it is demonstrable that entertainers and athletes do not live in the real world. As you can see, entertainers and athletes are short occasion models for issue people. With all of the severalize brought forth, how on macrocosm could they be a good quality model for anyone? Entertainers and athletes usually live felonious lives and they do not realize a satisfying, or life-long career. Also, they are not in equate with the real world. Unfortunately, more people sedate entrust that athletes and entertainers are good subprogram models for new(a) people.